Peng-Zhong Fang

High-viscosity hydrogels in cartilage injury and osteochondral defect repair: mechanisms, design strategies, and clinical translation.

Cartilage injury and osteochondral defects remain major clinical challenges owing to the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of cartilage and the inability of current treatments to restore durable hyaline tissue. Conventional hydrogels often fail under joint loading because of insufficient mechanical stability, poo...