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Petar Veličković

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#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

The Universal Classifier for Graph Learning

While foundation models have revolutionized natural language processing and computer vision by leveraging universal vocabularies, Graph Machine Learning (GML) remains fractured due to the absence of a unified feature and structural representation across diverse domains. Existing works claiming to be Graph Foundation Mo...

Ben Finkelshtein, André Linhares, Petar Veličković et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Open access Mar 2026

Causal evidence that language models use confidence to drive behaviour

Metacognition—assessing the quality of one’s own cognitive performance—guides adaptive behaviour across species. Confidence signals can be extracted from language model outputs, yet a fundamental question remains: do models actually use these signals to decide whether to answer or abstain? Here we developed a four-phas...

D. Kumaran, N. Daw, Simon Osindero et al. · 13 citations · ⚡1

How do LLMs Compute Verbal Confidence

It is demonstrated that verbal confidence reflects automatic, sophisticated self-evaluation -- not post-hoc reconstruction -- with implications for understanding metacognition in LLMs and improving calibration.

D. Kumaran, Arthur Conmy, Federico Barbero et al. · 21 citations · ⚡1
Jul 2026

The Computational Basis of Confidence in Large Language Models

A computational account of confidence in multimodal language models is provided, when answer logits behave as readouts of a latent decision variable is delineated, and statistical decision confidence is established as a unifying framework for studying confidence across biological and artificial intelligence.

D. Kumaran, Viorica Patraucean, M. Ovsjanikov et al. · 0 citations

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