A $\theta$-implicit hybrid particle-in-cell algorithm for kinetic simulations of magnetized plasmas
Hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) models with kinetic ions and an inertialess electron fluid are widely used to simulate magnetized plasmas at ion scales, but explicit time advances are constrained by the whistler-wave CFL condition $\dt \propto \Delta x^2$, and the sub-cycling and artificial dissipation used to mitigate i...