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Sponsored Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Global Edition Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Global Edition

Author

Qi Hao

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Open access Sep 2026

Global, regional, and national burden of low-back pain attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: An age-period-cohort and joinpoint analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

INTRODUCTION Low-back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although smoking is a well-established, modifiable risk factor that accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration, comprehensive spatiotemporal analyses of its attributable burden remain scarce. This study assessed the global burden of smokin...

Jun-Kai Kou, Jian-Hua Ren, Ao-Ying Min et al. · 0 citations

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