Causal effect of household income on Alzheimer's disease risk and mediation by cognitive performance: a bidirectional, two‑sample, two‑stage mendelian randomization study
Household income exerts a protective causal effect on AD, which is predominantly mediated by cognitive performance, elucidate a key mechanistic pathway linking socioeconomic factors to neurodegenerative disease and highlight cognitive function as a potential interventional target, supporting the integration of socioeconomic considerations into AD prevention strategies.