Author

R. Heikkilä

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Review Open access Aug 2026

Port automation equipment: current developments, challenges, and future directions

Port automation has progressed from standalone mechanical devices to interconnected, data-driven systems that support global trade. This paper examines how port automation has grown, focusing on equipment systems such as quay cranes, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), and Automated Stacking Cranes (ASCs) and other autom...

Yi-Han Liu, R. Heikkilä · European Transport Research... · 0 citations