Assessing the impact of cry insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis on the midgut of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval).
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins exert their insecticidal activity by targeting the larval midgut epithelium, yet integration of physiological, ultrastructural, and microbiological responses under near-native conditions remains limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cry1Ca on Spodoptera littoralis...