Detection and Characterization of Hydrogen-Induced Stepwise Cracks Using Multi-Plane Wave Imaging, Coherence Factor Fusion and Physics-Constrained Temporal Pair Tracking.
Stepwise hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in carbon-steel components rarely appears as a single resolvable crack, instead it produces compact, non-coplanar reflectors distributed through the wall thickness. This study presents an automated, physically interpretable ultrasonic framework that detects this indirect signatu...