Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin resistance arises from serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins mediated by stress kinases such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase-β (IKKβ), compounded by lipotoxic and cytokine-driven signaling defects. Sustained hyperglycemia diverts glucose flux into four classical pat...