Drought has become one of the most severe environmental constraints affecting global agricultural productivity due to climate change, increasing temperatures, irregular rainfall patterns, and declining freshwater availability. Water scarcity significantly limits crop growth, reduces nutrient uptake, disrupts physiological processes, and ultimately decreases crop yield and food security. The development of drought-tolerant crop varieties has therefore become a critical strategy for achieving climate-resilient agriculture and ensuring sustainable food production. Advances in plant breeding, biotechnology, molecular genetics, genomic selection, and precision agriculture have accelerated the development of crop varieties capable of maintaining productivity under water-limited conditions. These varieties exhibit improved root architecture, efficient water-use mechanisms, enhanced osmotic regulation, greater photosynthetic efficiency, and increased tolerance to heat and drought stress. This study examines the development and evaluation of drought-tolerant crop varieties for climate-resilient agriculture. It explores the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying drought tolerance, evaluates breeding approaches and biotechnological innovations, analyzes the role of digital technologies and precision agriculture in drought management, and discusses future policy interventions for promoting climate-resilient farming systems. The study concludes that integrating advanced breeding technologies, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, genomic tools, and sustainable agricultural practices can significantly improve crop resilience under changing climatic conditions. Strengthening research, farmer participation, institutional support, and international collaboration will be essential for developing drought-resilient agricultural systems capable of ensuring food security, conserving water resources, and promoting sustainable agricultural development in the face of increasing climate variability.
Research Author· European Journal of Aerospac...· 0 citations
Efficient nutrient management is essential for improving the productivity, quality, and sustainability of vegetable production systems. Vegetable crops require adequate and balanced nutrient supplies because of their rapid growth, short cropping duration, and high nutrient demand. Traditionally, inorganic fertilizers have been widely used to achieve higher yields; however, excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers has resulted in declining soil fertility, nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and increased production costs. In contrast, organic nutrient management utilizes farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost, green manure, crop residues, biofertilizers, and other organic amendments to improve soil health, microbial activity, and long-term agricultural sustainability. Both nutrient management systems possess distinct advantages and limitations with respect to nutrient availability, crop productivity, product quality, soil fertility, and environmental impacts. Recent agricultural research emphasizes integrated nutrient management (INM), which combines organic and inorganic nutrient sources to maximize crop yield while maintaining soil health and minimizing ecological degradation. Advanced technologies such as precision nutrient management, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and soil testing support efficient nutrient application according to crop requirements. This paper comparatively evaluates the principles, nutrient dynamics, crop responses, environmental impacts, economic considerations, and sustainability of organic and inorganic nutrient management in vegetable crops. It also examines the role of integrated nutrient management and emerging technologies in achieving sustainable and climate-resilient vegetable production..
Research Author· Europian Journal of Agricult...· 0 citations
Climate variability has become one of the most significant factors influencing the growth, flowering, fruiting, yield, and quality of horticultural crops worldwide. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, heat waves, cold spells, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have altered the physiological and reproductive processes of fruit, vegetable, flower, spice, and plantation crops. These climatic changes affect flowering induction, pollination, fruit set, fruit development, maturation, and yield stability, thereby threatening food security and the sustainability of horticultural production systems. Temperature and rainfall fluctuations also influence pest and disease dynamics, soil moisture availability, nutrient uptake, and crop water requirements, leading to significant economic losses. Climate variability has accelerated the need for climate-smart horticultural practices that improve resilience while maintaining productivity. Advanced technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), weather forecasting models, crop simulation models, and precision irrigation systems enable real-time monitoring of environmental conditions and support adaptive crop management. Climate-resilient crop varieties, protected cultivation, efficient irrigation, mulching, integrated nutrient management, and precision agriculture further enhance adaptation to changing climatic conditions. This paper examines the influence of climate variability on flowering, fruiting, and yield of horticultural crops, evaluates its impact on crop productivity and quality, discusses adaptation strategies for sustainable production, and explores emerging technologies and future prospects for climate-resilient horticulture.
Research Author· European Journal of Food, Fa...· 0 citations
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data technologies has transformed nearly every aspect of human life, including healthcare, education, governance, finance, law enforcement, and communication. These technologies have significantly improved decision-making processes, increased efficiency, enhanced public service delivery, and facilitated innovation across industries. However, alongside these benefits, AI and Big Data have introduced new challenges concerning the protection of fundamental human rights. Issues such as privacy violations, algorithmic discrimination, mass surveillance, data misuse, misinformation, lack of transparency, digital exclusion, and threats to freedom of expression have become major global concerns. AI systems increasingly influence employment opportunities, judicial decisions, healthcare diagnoses, financial services, and public administration, making fairness, accountability, and ethical governance essential. Human rights principles such as equality, dignity, autonomy, privacy, and non-discrimination must therefore be integrated into the design, deployment, and regulation of intelligent technologies. Governments, international organizations, technology companies, civil society, and academic institutions are actively working toward developing responsible AI frameworks, ethical guidelines, and legal regulations to ensure that technological innovation remains aligned with democratic values and international human rights standards. The emergence of explainable AI, privacy-preserving machine learning, algorithmic auditing, and human-centered AI reflects growing efforts to balance innovation with accountability. This study examines the relationship between AI, Big Data, and human rights by exploring both opportunities and challenges. It discusses privacy protection, ethical governance, algorithmic fairness, legal frameworks, digital inclusion, cybersecurity, and future policy directions. The paper concludes that sustainable technological development requires collaborative governance, transparent algorithms, robust legal protections, and continuous public awareness to safeguard human rights in the digital era.
Research Author· Global Journal of Computing...· 0 citations
The present study examines the impact of e-governance initiatives on public service delivery, citizen satisfaction, and administrative transparency in developing economies. E-governance uses information and communication technologies to make government services more accessible, efficient, accountable, and citizen-centred. In developing economies, digital platforms such as online portals, mobile applications, digital identity systems, grievance redressal systems, e-payment services, and online certificates have transformed the interaction between citizens and government institutions. The study explores how e-governance improves service speed, reduces paperwork, minimizes corruption, enhances transparency, and strengthens public trust. It also analyses the role of digital literacy, internet access, institutional capacity, data security, and citizen awareness in determining the success of e-governance initiatives. The study highlights that effective e-governance can improve administrative efficiency and citizen satisfaction when supported by inclusive digital infrastructure, responsive governance, accountability mechanisms, and user-friendly service systems.
Research Author· American Journal of Advanced...· 0 citations
Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, posing significant threats to ecosystems, human rights, public health, economic development, and sustainable governance. As the adverse impacts of climate change intensify, litigation has become an increasingly important legal mechanism for enforcing environmental obligations, holding governments and corporations accountable, and protecting the rights of vulnerable communities. Climate change litigation has expanded rapidly across jurisdictions, addressing issues such as greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, biodiversity conservation, adaptation measures, corporate responsibility, and intergenerational equity. Simultaneously, the concept of environmental justice has gained prominence by emphasizing the equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, ensuring that marginalized and disadvantaged communities are not disproportionately affected by environmental harm. Contemporary legal systems increasingly recognize the close relationship between climate justice, constitutional rights, and international environmental obligations. Courts across various countries have relied upon constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks, international agreements, and human rights principles to strengthen environmental governance and promote sustainable development. This paper critically examines the evolving relationship between climate change litigation and environmental justice through a comparative legal analysis of recent judicial developments in India, the United States, the European Union, Australia, and other jurisdictions. It explores emerging legal principles, judicial innovations, and policy responses while highlighting challenges relating to enforcement, corporate accountability, climate adaptation, and access to justice. The study concludes that effective climate governance requires robust legal frameworks, proactive judicial intervention, international cooperation, and inclusive environmental policies capable of ensuring ecological sustainability, social equity, and long-term protection of present and future generations.
Research Author· International Journal of Leg...· 0 citations
Vermicompost has emerged as one of the most effective organic soil amendments for improving soil quality, enhancing crop productivity, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Produced through the biological decomposition of organic wastes by earthworms and associated microorganisms, vermicompost is rich in essential plant nutrients, beneficial microorganisms, humic substances, enzymes, and plant growth regulators. Unlike conventional organic manures, vermicompost possesses superior physical, chemical, and biological properties that improve soil fertility while reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the application of vermicompost significantly enhances soil structure, water-holding capacity, aeration, porosity, cation exchange capacity, and microbial activity. It also increases the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients, thereby improving nutrient uptake and crop performance. In addition to improving soil physico-chemical characteristics, vermicompost stimulates root development, photosynthesis, flowering, fruiting, and overall crop productivity through the release of plant growth-promoting substances. Its continuous application contributes to long-term soil health, carbon sequestration, and environmental sustainability by recycling organic wastes and minimizing chemical fertilizer use. However, large-scale adoption of vermicompost is constrained by factors such as limited production capacity, labor-intensive preparation, transportation costs, and inconsistent quality. This paper examines the influence of vermicompost application on soil physico-chemical properties and crop productivity, highlighting its mechanisms of action, agronomic benefits, challenges, and future prospects as an important component of sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture.
Research Author· Europian Journal of Agricult...· 0 citations
Biochar has emerged as an innovative and sustainable soil amendment with significant potential to improve soil health, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate climate change. It is a stable carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass under limited oxygen conditions using agricultural residues, forestry waste, animal manure, and other organic materials. Owing to its porous structure, high surface area, and strong adsorption capacity, biochar improves soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. It enhances soil aggregation, increases water-holding capacity, improves nutrient retention, reduces nutrient leaching, and stimulates beneficial microbial activity. Biochar also contributes to carbon sequestration by storing stable carbon in soils for extended periods, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting climate-smart agriculture. Numerous studies have demonstrated that biochar application improves crop growth, nutrient uptake, fertilizer-use efficiency, and resilience against drought, salinity, and other environmental stresses. Modern technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), precision agriculture, Internet of Things (IoT)-based soil monitoring, and artificial intelligence are increasingly being integrated with biochar management to optimize application rates and monitor long-term soil responses. Despite its considerable benefits, challenges including feedstock variability, production costs, quality standardization, and farmer awareness continue to influence its large-scale adoption. This paper examines the production and properties of biochar, evaluates its role in improving soil health and agricultural sustainability, discusses its contribution to climate change mitigation, and explores emerging technologies and future prospects for its wider application in sustainable farming systems..
Research Author· Europian Journal of Agricult...· 0 citations
Biostimulants have emerged as an innovative and sustainable approach for enhancing plant growth, productivity, quality, and stress tolerance in horticultural crops. Unlike conventional fertilizers and pesticides, biostimulants stimulate natural physiological and biochemical processes that improve nutrient uptake, root development, photosynthesis, flowering, fruit set, and overall crop performance without directly supplying large quantities of nutrients or controlling pests. Biostimulants include a wide range of natural and biological products such as seaweed extracts, humic and fulvic acids, protein hydrolysates, amino acids, beneficial microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), silicon, and microbial inoculants. These substances enhance plant metabolism, increase nutrient-use efficiency, strengthen antioxidant defense systems, improve soil microbial activity, and enhance tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and nutrient deficiency. Their application has gained increasing attention due to growing concerns regarding excessive chemical fertilizer use, environmental degradation, declining soil fertility, and climate change. Modern technologies, including precision horticulture, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), remote sensing, and data-driven crop management, further optimize biostimulant application by improving timing and dosage. This paper discusses the types and mechanisms of biostimulants, evaluates their role in improving growth, yield, and quality of horticultural crops, examines their contribution to sustainable agriculture and climate resilience, and explores emerging trends, challenges, and future prospects in biostimulant-based horticultural production systems.
Research Author· European Journal of Food, Fa...· 0 citations
Climate change is fundamentally altering the distribution, prevalence, and severity of plant pests and pathogens, posing an unprecedented challenge to global food security. Rising global temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and the increased frequency of extreme weather events are accelerating biological cycles, expanding the geographical range of thermophilic pests, and creating new ecological niches for emergent diseases. This paper analyzes the mechanisms by which climate-driven environmental stressors influence host-pathogen interactions, specifically focusing on the physiological susceptibility of crops and the adaptive capacity of agricultural pests. We explore how warmer winters facilitate the overwintering of populations, leading to earlier and more intense seasonal infestations. Furthermore, we examine how elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ levels alter plant nutritional quality and defensive pathways, potentially rendering crops more vulnerable to herbivory and infection. The analysis highlights the expansion of pest ranges into previously temperate zones and the disruption of biological control mechanisms as synchronized life cycles between pests and their natural enemies become decoupled. As climatic volatility increases, the management of crop health requires an urgent shift toward proactive, climate-smart surveillance systems and adaptive agricultural strategies. By synthesizing current epidemiological and ecological data, this paper provides a framework for understanding the cascading impacts of climate change on agro-ecosystems and emphasizes the necessity of integrated, landscape-level disease and pest management to sustain productivity in a rapidly warming world.
Research Author· European Journal of Food, Fa...· 0 citations
Conservation agriculture (CA) has emerged as an environmentally sustainable and economically viable farming system capable of addressing the growing challenges of food security, climate change, soil degradation, and declining agricultural productivity. Based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop rotations, conservation agriculture seeks to improve soil health while enhancing the efficient utilization of natural resources. The adoption of CA practices has gained momentum worldwide due to their potential to increase crop productivity, reduce production costs, conserve soil moisture, and improve resilience against climatic variability. Numerous studies have demonstrated that conservation agriculture contributes to higher water-use efficiency, enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil organic carbon, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional tillage systems. Moreover, these practices support sustainable intensification by maintaining long-term soil fertility and minimizing environmental degradation. However, the effectiveness of conservation agriculture varies across agro-climatic regions, crop types, soil characteristics, and management practices. Factors such as limited awareness, initial investment costs, inadequate mechanization, residue management challenges, and socio-economic constraints often hinder its widespread adoption, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the influence of conservation agriculture practices on crop productivity and resource use efficiency by analyzing their impact on soil health, water conservation, nutrient dynamics, energy use, and environmental sustainability. It also discusses the major challenges associated with adoption and highlights future opportunities for promoting climate-smart and sustainable agricultural systems. The study concludes that conservation agriculture offers a practical pathway toward achieving productive, resource-efficient, and environmentally resilient agriculture for future generations.
Research Author· Europian Journal of Agricult...· 0 citations
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) has emerged as a sustainable agricultural approach that combines organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient sources to improve crop productivity while maintaining long-term soil fertility and environmental quality. The continuous use of chemical fertilizers without adequate replenishment of soil organic matter has resulted in declining soil health, nutrient imbalances, reduced microbial activity, environmental pollution, and diminishing crop productivity in many agricultural regions. Integrated Nutrient Management addresses these challenges by promoting balanced nutrient application through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, compost, green manure, crop residues, biofertilizers, and other organic amendments. This integrated approach enhances nutrient-use efficiency, improves soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, increases crop yield, and supports sustainable agricultural production. The present study evaluates the role of Integrated Nutrient Management practices in enhancing crop productivity and restoring soil fertility under diverse agroecosystems. It examines the principles and components of INM, analyzes its effects on crop growth, nutrient availability, soil health, and environmental sustainability, explores technological innovations supporting nutrient management, and discusses policy interventions for promoting widespread adoption of sustainable nutrient management practices. The study highlights that integrating scientific research, precision agriculture, digital technologies, farmer education, and supportive agricultural policies can significantly improve nutrient management efficiency while reducing environmental degradation. Ultimately, Integrated Nutrient Management represents a key strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture, improving food security, conserving natural resources, and ensuring long-term agricultural resilience under changing environmental conditions..
Research Author· Europian Journal of Agricult...· 0 citations
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