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Richard Irving

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Review Open access Aug 2026

Impact of Patient and Surgical Factors on Outcomes of Facial Re-innervation Procedures.

BACKGROUND Patients in whom the facial nerve has been resected or divided during surgical treatment may have it repaired by direct anastomosis, interposition graft, or may either primarily or up to 2 years later undergo reinnervation of the facial musculature, in most cases using the masseteric or hypoglossal nerve. Th...

T. Stubley, C. Leonard, Richard Irving et al. · 0 citations

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