S. Bîrgoan

Prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities and their relationship with renal function and cardiac biomarkers in ckd stages 3–4

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Structural remodelling, left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and right heart abnormalities are common even in moderate CKD stages and reflect complex cardio–renal interactions. Serum biomarkers...