Open access
Aug 2026
PaB-PIF: A Hybrid Architecture to Evaluate Mutable and Immutable Blockchains in IoT–Fog Networks
This paper tests both methods in PaB-PIF, a hybrid architecture for IoT-Fog networks that uses an immutable mainchain in the cloud layer and mutable sidechains in the fog layer and shows that blockchain greatly improves network security.
Marco Scarpa, Mohammad Sadeghzadeh, S. Javanmardi et al.
· Applied Sciences · 0 citations