Early-life chemical exposures may contribute to adverse health outcomes later in life. However, conventional chemical analyses typically cover only a limited subset of the chemical exposureome. Suspect and nontargeted screening (SS/NTS) using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) workflows provides a powerful framework for comprehensive assessments of exposure, with the potential to detect a broad range of environmental contaminants and emerging chemicals. An interlaboratory assay involving 12 laboratories was performed to evaluate the comparability and complementarity of SS/NTS approaches for maternal urine, serum, and milk, based on reversed-phase (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and gas chromatography (GC) with HRMS. Participants used in-house methods to possibly detect a predefined and shared list of 50 compounds with varying polarities spiked at three concentrations. The overall detection rates ranged from 4% to 72% for all three techniques, with RPLC-HRMS covering compounds with log P 0–6, while HILIC-HRMS and GC-HRMS extended this coverage. Univariate and multivariable analyses of RPLC-HRMS results for serum and urine identified sample preparation steps as key factors influencing detection rates. Workflow performances were additionally benchmarked by using the S-score. These findings demonstrate the complementarity of SS/NTS platforms for extending chemical-space coverage for the most comprehensive exposure characterization. Therefore, efforts should be made for harmonized QA/QC provisions while conserving the added value of different workflows for exposure data for risk assessments.
Tarek Moufawad, K. Ayeni, E. Baira et al.· Environmental Science &...· 0 citations
Workers in the e-waste industry are exposed to chemical hazards, including organophosphate esters (OPEs) used as flame retardants (FRs). Assessing exposure through spot urine metabolite analysis is challenging due to limited knowledge of the toxicokinetics and urinary excretion patterns of OPEs. This pilot study investigates the temporal variability of seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in urine samples from e-waste workers over five workdays to identify the most representative spot urine sample for accurately assessing occupational exposure. Six exposed workers provided urine samples from the first shift of the working week to the morning after the last workday. Seven metabolites, (bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), di-o-cresyl phosphate (DoCP), di-m-cresyl phosphate (DmCP), di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP)), were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. DmCP + DpCP showed weekly increases and fair to good intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), indicating moderate temporal variability across days. Conversely, DPHP and BCEP showed rapid decreases and lower ICC, suggesting higher intra-day variability. A grouping approach based on collection time and workday showed that the suitable spot urine is 2–5 h delayed post-shift for BCEP and DPHP, whereas the end of the workweek is the most appropriate time for DmCP + DpCP. This pilot study provides preliminary information on temporal variability to inform sampling design. This approach could be extended to a broader range of FRs, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of occupational biomonitoring.
Baninia Habchi, Guillaume Antoine, Aurélie Martin Remy et al.· Toxics· 0 citations
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