Enhanced Thermal Performance of Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers Using Fe3O4 and Al2O3 Nanofluids: A CFD-Based Comparative Study
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs) are widely used but limited by the low thermal conductivity of conventional fluids. This study uses CFD simulations to compare the thermal performance of Fe3O4-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids in an STHE under laminar flow. Nanoparticle concentrations of 5–20% and Reynolds numbers...