Quantum applications increasingly execute as multi-stage quantum-classical pipelines, interleaving QPU computation with classical stages like circuit generation, transpilation, layout mapping, quantum error mitigation (QEM), and post-processing. These stages have diverse resource requirements and exhibit stochastic behavior under drifting hardware noises, yet existing workflow frameworks treat them as static, isolated components. We present LLQM (Low-Level Quantum Machine), a profiling-driven meta-framework for quantum-classical pipelines. LLQM decomposes pipelines into fine-grained tasks and continuously profiles their CPU/GPU, memory, QPU, and queue dependencies alongside real-time hardware states. This unified runtime abstraction captures cross-stage resource dependencies and reveals how classical and quantum decisions interact, enabling characterization of their impact on fidelity and resource consumption. We evaluate LLQM using QEM as a representative pipeline stage, on IBM 156-qubit Heron r2 processors with circuits up to 100 qubits and 1e7 transpiled gates. Our results show that continuous profiling exposes runtime bottlenecks and enables hardware-, fidelity-, and workload-aware optimizations.
Ayush Bansal, Owen Cochell, Santiago Núñez-Corrales et al.· 0 citations
The efficient and scalable integration of quantum resources into high-performance computing (HPC) environments requires standardized mechanisms for resource management, scheduling, and workflow orchestration across diverse and heterogeneous infrastructures. The Quantum Resource Management Interface (QRMI) addresses this challenge through a thin, vendor-agnostic middleware layer that provides standardized APIs for scheduling, executing, and monitoring quantum workloads while exposing quantum resources as first-class schedulable resources alongside CPUs and GPUs. Although previous work demonstrated QRMI integration with the Slurm workload manager, its applicability across other workload managers remained unexamined. This paper extends the validation of QRMI to a broad range of workload managers, including PBS, LSF, Grid Engine, Kubernetes, and the Flux Framework, encompassing traditional batch schedulers, a cloud-native orchestration platform, and a graph-based scheduler. We examine the integration patterns, implementation requirements, and scheduler-specific considerations associated with each environment and compare QRMI with alternative approaches to quantum resource integration. We demonstrate that QRMI provides a portable and flexible abstraction layer that minimizes scheduler-specific modifications while enabling consistent access to heterogeneous quantum resources across both on-premises and cloud environments.
Thomas Badts, T. Boyle, Claudio Carvalho et al.· arXiv.org· 3 citations
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