S. T.

Explainable AI-Based Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Cardiovascular Disease Risk Using Retinal Fundus Images

A deep learning framework that integrates Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) preprocessing with a fine-tuned EfficientNet-B0 architecture for binary CVD risk classification and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) is incorporated to generate spatially localized saliency overlays,...