Micropropagation in Jasminum: A Review
Jasminum species are economically important ornamental and aromatic crops, yet their clonal multiplication remains constrained by seasonal rooting, slow multiplication of elite genotypes, pathogen carry-over and uneven establishment. In vitro propagation offers a means of producing uniform planting material and supporting conservation and breeding, but the literature is fragmented across species, explants and experimental conventions. This critical narrative review evaluates the biological basis, reproducibility and translational maturity of micropropagation in Jasminum. Literature published from 1 January 1980 to 1 June 2026 was selected from accessible scholarly indexes, repositories and verified journal records, with earlier foundational sources retained when necessary. The strongest evidence supports direct axillary multiplication from nodes or buds of J. officinale, J. sambac, J. grandiflorum and J. nudiflorum. These routes generally combine acceptable shoot proliferation with lower expected variation than callus-mediated regeneration. Nevertheless, reported optima are strongly genotype-, season- and medium-dependent. Cytokinin-rich media, particularly those containing 6-benzyladenine, kinetin or zeatin, promote shoot multiplication, whereas indole-3-butyric acid or naphthaleneacetic acid is frequently used for rooting; no universal plant-growth-regulator combination is defensible. Indirect organogenesis and protoplast systems broaden experimental possibilities but remain limited by shoot-regeneration recalcitrance, prolonged culture and increased risks of somaclonal and epigenetic variation. Evidence for commercial readiness is weak because most studies report short-term culture responses rather than multiplication economics, pathogen status, clonal fidelity, fragrance chemistry, flowering performance or multi-season field survival. A quality-oriented Jasminum platform therefore requires stage-specific optimisation, explicit medium definitions, adequate biological replication, traceable donor plants, genetic and phytosanitary testing, and performance assessment beyond acclimatisation. Future progress depends less on another isolated hormone screen than on comparative, genotype-aware protocols linked to temporary-immersion scale-up, molecular regeneration markers and crop-relevant quality endpoints.