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Sajid Ali

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Review Open access Sep 2026

Integrative Assessment of Evidence for Anagenetic Speciation in Ulleungdo Endemic Plants: Plastid, Nuclear, and Morphological Perspectives

Ulleungdo Island harbors several endemic plant lineages commonly interpreted as products of anagenetic speciation following long-distance colonization. Yet plastome phylogenies represent a single organellar genealogy and may conflict with nuclear genomic structure, morphology, or taxonomic boundaries. This critical mini-review evaluates whether plastid-based hypotheses for the origin and diversification of Ulleungdo endemics are supported by independent molecular and phenotypic evidence. We synthesize findings from comparative plastomics, chloroplast haplotype and network analyses, nuclear microsatellites, nrDNA sequencing, genome-wide multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), cytogenetics, morphology, and multicompartment phylogenomics. The evidence reveals heterogeneous evolutionary outcomes. Prunus takesimensis and Phedimus takesimensis are broadly consistent with probable single-origin scenarios, although confidence is constrained by progenitor sampling and marker resolution. Rubus takesimensis exhibits chloroplast non-monophyly and elevated haplotype diversity consistent with multiple maternal origins, whereas Acer takesimense shows signatures of historical drift and loss of rare nuclear alleles. Morphological, chromosomal, plastid, and nuclear–ribosomal evidence strongly support Allium ulleungense, while the delimitation of Viola ulleungdoensis remains unresolved. Plastid–nuclear incongruence in Hepatica maxima and Fagus multinervis further indicates that introgression, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, and restricted taxon sampling can complicate evolutionary inference. This comparative framework distinguishes species histories from provisional interpretations based on limited accessions or uniparentally inherited markers. The novelty of this review lies in its cross-taxon assessment of plastome–nuclear–morphological congruence rather than a descriptive plastome inventory. Ulleungdo lineages interpreted as products of anagenetic speciation do not exhibit a uniform genomic signature and that robust taxonomic, evolutionary, and conservation inference requires population-level integration of independently inherited genomic compartments with standardized morphological and reproductive data.

Sajid Ali, Adnan Amin · Genes · 0 citations

Review Open access Jul 2026

Reactive oxygen species in plants: spatiotemporal organization, redox signaling, and stress adaptation

Reactive oxygen species act as source-specific signals whose timing, buffering, and network interactions regulate plant development, defense, stress acclimation, and crop resilience. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as key regulators of plant biology, functioning not only as harmful oxidants produced during aerobic metabolism but also as precisely controlled signaling molecules that coordinate growth, development, defense, and environmental adaptation. Recent advances in plant redox biology reveal that the biological effects of ROS depend more on their chemical nature, subcellular source, spatiotemporal dynamics, and integration with broader signaling networks than on their overall accumulation. In plants, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, the apoplast, and plasma membrane-associated oxidases form interconnected ROS-producing hubs, whose outputs are continually modulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Such dynamic buffering does not simply eliminate ROS, but preserves redox homeostasis while maintaining signaling competence. Additionally, ROS signals are interpreted through extensive cross-talk with calcium, phytohormones, nitric oxide (NO), mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulators, enabling identical or similar ROS species to induce diverse developmental or stress responses depending on the context. Current understanding of compartment-specific ROS generation, scavenging, sensing, and signal propagation in plants is synthesized here, with particular emphasis on signaling specificity, redox thresholds, and intercompartmental communication. Attention is also directed toward the operation of ROS-regulatory networks during development and under abiotic and biotic stress, including increasingly complex multifactorial stress scenarios. In addition, recent advances in ROS imaging, biosensing, and quantitative analysis are evaluated for their contribution to resolving persistent questions in plant redox biology. By emphasizing spatial and temporal regulation rather than oxidative stress alone, the review provides an integrated framework for understanding how plants decode ROS signals and how such knowledge may be harnessed to improve crop resilience, productivity, and sustainability.

Sajid Ali, W. Zaman · Planta · 1 citation