Nε-(Carboxymethyl)lysine induces mitochondrial stress, inflammatory activation, and fibrogenic remodelling in multicellular human liver organoids.
Findings identify hepatic CML as an AGE-related feature of steatotic liver disease and demonstrate coordinated mitochondrial, inflammatory, and fibrogenic responses to CML in multicellular HLOs, which support the utility of HLOs for investigating AGE-specific mechanisms in human liver pathology.