Modulation of the peripheral nervous system to restore reward circuitry in opioid use disorder: A multi-timescale framework.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a chronic, relapsing condition; in the United States in 2024, approximately 79,000 drug-overdose deaths occurred, including about 54,000 involving opioids (NCHS Data Brief, 2026 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2026)). Although current...