Author

Scott Crossley

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Open access Jul 2026

Word Predictability as a Measure of Second Language Proficiency

This study introduces predictability BERT , a novel metric for assessing second language (L2) proficiency based on the predictability of word choices in learner language production. Using BERT (Devlin et al., 2019), we calculated the conditional probability of each word in a text given its surrounding context. We...

Langdon Holmes, Scott Crossley, Wesley Morris et al. · Language Learning · 0 citations