Conservation-informed machine learning for physically admissible four-phase hydrothermal liquefaction surrogate modelling.
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) distributes wet biomass and residues among bio-oil, char, aqueous product, and gas. Independent phase regressors can produce negative or non-closed allocations, and random validation obscures inter-study heterogeneity. We develop a conservation-informed constrained surrogate treating the...