Cleanroom-Free Microfluidic Chips with Capacitively Coupled 3D Liquid-Metal Electrodes as a Platform Technology for Controlled Electrical Field Stimulation of 2D and 3D Cell Cultures.
Existing in vitro electrical stimulation platforms are limited by cleanroom-dependent fabrication, direct electrode-electrolyte contact that generates cytotoxic byproducts, and poor compatibility with 3D culture systems. This study reports a modular, cleanroom-free workflow for fabricating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) m...