Cortisol Dysregulation as a Major Factor in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Drug Targets and Therapeutic Prospects: A Comprehensive Review.
Cortisol, regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is critical for stress response, metabolism, and immune function. Its dysregulation is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). This review synthesizes evidence on cortisol's role in neurodegenerative disorders, exploring its mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic potential. This study analyzed preclinical models, clinical studies, and biomarker data to elucidate cortisol's impact on neurodegeneration. Key mechanisms include glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. In AD, elevated cortisol accelerates cognitive decline, hippocampal atrophy, and amyloid-β accumulation. In PD, higher cortisol levels correlate with gait dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss. HD shows variable cortisol profiles, with early hypocortisolism shifting to hypercortisolism in later stages, linked to depression. In ALS, elevated cortisol hastens disease progression and neuroinflammation. In MS, HPA axis hyperactivity is associated with cognitive deficits and lesion activity, though it may support remyelination. Chronic stress exacerbates these effects across disorders, promoting neuronal vulnerability. Cortisol dysregulation is a significant contributor to neurodegenerative pathology, acting as both a biomarker and therapeutic target. Emerging interventions, including glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, cortisol synthesis inhibitors, and stress reduction strategies, show promise in mitigating neuronal damage. Personalized, stage-specific therapies and longitudinal studies are needed to optimize cortisol-targeted treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.