Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic mycotoxin which can be carried over into animal products and cause deterioration of livestock productivity when fed to livestock and wildlife. This review proposes a biomarker-guided framework for improving the early assessment of AFB1 exposure and toxicological responses in animal models. Oral exposure leads to the absorption of AFB1, which is bioactivated in the liver to the reactive AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide that causes DNA and protein adduct formation, inflammation, mitochondrial apoptosis, and other effects. Cytochrome P450 activation and glutathione-dependent detoxification are in balance in determining susceptibility species, and this balance is different for poultry, pigs, ruminants, and rodents. In addition to traditional liver enzymes and histopathology, we highlight mechanistically informative biomarkers such as metabolites of aflatoxin, DNA and albumin adduct, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidant indices, cytokines, apoptotic markers, as well as signals involved in the Nrf2/NFκB pathway. AFB1 also damages the integrity of the intestinal barrier, the maintenance of the intestinal gut microbiota, reproductive function, growth performance, and development, thus creating a gut–liver-systemic toxic cascade. Finally, an assessment of stage-targeted interventions such as aluminosilicate binders, adsorbents derived from yeast, probiotics and nano-enabled interventions is conducted as viable tools for the reduction in exposure and injury. This review offers targeted mitigation strategies for early diagnosis of aflatoxicosis in animal production systems based on a biomarker approach.
Raza Mohai Ud Din, Xin Zhang, S. Eman et al.· Toxins· 0 citations
Background: Platelet hyperactivation and aggregation are major contributors to thrombotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although conventional antiplatelet drugs are clinically effective, adverse effects and variable therapeutic responses have encouraged the search for safer natural alternatives. Phenolic acids are plant-derived phytochemicals with reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate selected phenolic acid phytochemicals as potential antiplatelet agents using molecular docking and ADME prediction approaches.
Methods: Selected phenolic acids were subjected to molecular docking against platelet-associated protein targets to investigate their binding affinity, binding orientation, and interactions with important amino acid residues. ADME profiling was subsequently performed to assess their physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-likeness characteristics.
Results: The investigated phenolic acids demonstrated variable but generally favorable interactions with the selected targets. Several compounds showed strong predicted binding affinities and established hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions with functionally relevant residues. ADME analysis indicated that selected compounds possessed acceptable drug-like characteristics and pharmacokinetic profiles, although differences in gastrointestinal absorption and other properties were observed.
Conclusion: Phenolic acids demonstrate promising computational potential as antiplatelet candidates. Their favorable target interactions and acceptable ADME characteristics support further biochemical, cellular, and in vivo investigations to validate their antiplatelet efficacy and therapeutic safety.
Maaz Ahmad Shah, Asfandyar, Shahab Ur Rehman· Journal of Bioscience Studie...· 0 citations
The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has fundamentally transformed biological research, converting our understanding of cellular diversity from a purely conceptual idea into a quantifiable, applicable, and observable reality. Early efforts successfully created catalogs of cell types across diverse tissues and species, delivering an effective inventory of the components that make up complex animal systems. Yet the field now stands at a crossroads; rather than bringing clarity, the ever-growing number of cellular atlases threatens to flood and overwhelm it. In this review, we argue that the next evolution of scRNA-seq must integrate three essential pillars: temporal dynamics, spatial information, and evolutionary conservation. We have entered the era of predictive biology, moving beyond simple inventories to build dynamic, multispecies, spatially resolved comparative meta-atlases. This new approach seeks not only to understand the fundamental processes of development, physiology, and disease but also to predict cellular behaviors and their evolutionary trajectories, ultimately achieving a mechanistic understanding of life’s complexity.
Shahab Ur Rehman, Rahmat Ali, Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien et al.· DNA and Cell Biology· 0 citations
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