Shengdong Pan

Constant-Time Symmetry Exploitation for NTT Twiddle Factors in ML-KEM: A Unified Cost Model for Embedded Deployments

A Memory-Arithmetic Trade-off model is developed that unifies ROM, random-access memory (RAM), latency, energy, and side-channel risk into one device-aware objective and supports hardware-aware strategy selection with explicit assumptions on threat model and constant-time scope.