Adaptive hydrogel platforms for infected bone defect repair: microenvironmental responsiveness, osteoimmunomodulation, and regenerative remodeling
Infected bone defects remain a major clinical challenge because persistent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation coexist with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, osteoimmune imbalance, vascular injury, and impaired bone regeneration. Conventional treatment relies primarily on surgical debridement, antimicrob...