Adequate Venous Drainage Does Not Exclude Cannula Malposition: Right Ventricular Perforation during Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Femoral venous cannulation is widely used to establish cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS). Although transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is commonly used to guide cannula placement, cannula malposition can still occur, and preserved venous drainage may...