Preprint
Aug 2026
When May a Model Replace the Experiment? Audits, Licenses, and the Price of Trust in Surrogate-Driven Design
The minimal criterion under which a model may act as an oracle is derived, that trust must be purchased through selection-aware audits that are optimal in query complexity, and a dichotomy fixing when audited surrogates cut certified evaluation cost are proved.
Shuangxiu Ma, Wenhe Zhao
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