Si-Chang Wang

An Adaptive OVMD-SSA-GRU Hybrid Framework for Highway Soft Rock Slope Deformation Prediction

Highway soft rock slope deformation monitoring produces nonlinear, non-stationary, and multi-scale time series that are strongly affected by rainfall and field noise. This study proposes an adaptive hybrid framework that combines optimal variational mode decomposition (OVMD), the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), and gat...