Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 Immune Checkpoints for Therapeutic Advancement in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with limited effective treatments and a generally poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint pathways, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, play a crucial role in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and facilitating immune escape in HCC....