Open access
2026
A multimodal social semiotic rethinking of agency in AI-assisted designs for language learning and assessment: Examples from Duolingo
Abstract This article addresses issues of design and agency, focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI)-generated tools for speaking practice and assessment in the field of English language learning. It uses examples from the educational technology company Duolingo as agentive designs for enabling and assessing learning....
Sophia Diamantopoulou, Sigrid Ørevik
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