Open access
Aug 2026
A three-term conjugate gradient method with a new descent structure for unconstrained optimization and low-carbon supply chain optimization
Optimization methods play a vital role in solving large-scale problems across engineering and environmental fields. Among them, the conjugate gradient (CG) method is popular for its computational efficiency, and recent developments—such as the three-term CG variant—have shown improved convergence and numerical stabilit...
M. Malik, S. Ibrahim, Dian Lestari et al.
· PLoS ONE · 0 citations