Preprint
Oct 2026
Pragmatic DML with AI-Learned Representations
Text, images, and other rich covariates are increasingly compressed into AI-learned representations and then used as controls in causal analysis. We study when this approach is valid and develop a practical framework for causal inference with learned representations. For a broad class of estimands, an imperfect represe...
Andrés Fernández, V. Chernozhukov, Carlos Cinelli et al.
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