Open access
2026
Energy-Efficient Hexagonal QAM for Fluid Antenna Systems: ASER Analysis Under Imperfect CSI
This letter investigates the performance of an N-port FAS over Nakagami-m fading channels under imperfect CSI, and reveals that HQAM outperforms conventional QAM, achieving approximately 2 dB and 0.8 dB SNR gains over 128-RQAM and 256-SQAM, respectively.
Sukhsagar, Nagendra Kumar, Vimal Bhatia et al.
· IEEE Wireless Communications... · 0 citations