Predicting low-latitude ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) over the Indian sector under variable space weather conditions using solar wind parameters
Accurate prediction of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) during geomagnetically disturbed conditions remains challenging, particularly when empirical models perform poorly during storms and neural network (NN) approaches rely explicitly on geomagnetic indices such as Kp/Ap or Dst/SYM-H. In this study, we develop...