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Swapneswar Sundar Ray

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Open access Sep 2026

A Responsibility-Allocation Framework for LLM-First and Hybrid Code-First Enterprise AI Architectures

The Deterministic– Probabilistic Responsibility Allocation Framework is introduced, which distinguishes a model-first architecture from a hybrid code-first architecture by specifying where validation, routing, state management, contextual reasoning, output enforcement, recovery, and telemetry should reside.

Swapneswar Sundar Ray · 0 citations

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