The Gut–Kidney Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Microbial Dysbiosis, Host–Microbial Metabolism, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) appears linked to changes in the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier defects, and microbiota-driven changes in metabolite profiles. Experimental evidence links gut microbiota disturbances to kidney injury through pathways such as microbial metabolism, inflammation, immune signals, and epithe...