Lossless Privacy for Federated Security: Homomorphically-Encrypted Federated Learning Across IoT Intrusion Detection, Keystroke Dynamics, and Risk-Based Authentication
Federated Learning trains a shared model without centralizing raw data, yet the de-facto FedAvg protocol still reveals each client's plaintext model update to the aggregation server, opening the door to gradient-inversion and membership-inference attacks. We present HE-FedSec, a federated framework that performs secure...