Stage-Dependent Efficacy of Selected Biopesticides against Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Welsh Onion under Controlled Greenhouse Conditions
Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of Welsh onion, and effective biological alternatives to synthetic insecticides are increasingly needed for sustainable pest management. This study evaluated the efficacy of four commercially available biopesticides—Az Tron WG (Bacillus thuringiensis),...