Financial Development, Financial Globalization, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Degradation as Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth: Causal Dynamics, Cointegration, and Distributional Evidence from Panel Data
Using an annual panel of 142 economies over 1993–2020, we estimate long-run elasticities between real income per capita and financial development, financial globalisation, energy consumption, and ecological pressure. Under cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, CIPS unit-root tests confirm I(1) behaviour;...