Operating Envelopes of Synchronous and Asynchronous Federated Learning Under Communication Impairments in Smart-Grid Sensor Networks
Federated learning (FL) for distributed smart-grid monitoring is shaped jointly by statistical heterogeneity and communication timing. This study evaluates protocol operating envelopes rather than proposing a new aggregator. A frozen confirmatory campaign compares deadline-constrained FedAvg, FedAsync, FedBuff, and Fed...