Global Freshwater Degradation: Contaminant Dynamics, Ecotoxicological Risks, Public Health Disparities, and Advanced Engineering and Policy Frameworks
Freshwater security has become one of the defining systemic challenges of the Anthropocene. Although water covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface, freshwater represents only 2.5% of global reserves, with less than 1% readily accessible in lakes, river channels, and unconfined aquifers. Anthropogenic perturbations—...