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Umairah binti Norazmanl

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Review Open access Jul 2026

Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Systematic Review

There is no clear or consistent evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for ASD, and research using more objective exposure data, larger and more diverse populations, and detailed subgroup analyses is needed to clarify whether any meaningful association exists.

Umairah binti Norazmanl, Nurhsafinaz Binti Abu Bakar, A. R. Ramdzan · 0 citations

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