Neutrino emissivity in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -direct-Urca processes inside neutron stars
Observed massive neutron stars may contain heavier baryons such as $\Delta$ isobars and hyperons in their interiors. In the presence of $\Delta$ isobars, the neutrino emitting nucleonic Urca processes can be accompanied by $\Delta$-direct-Urca processes involving nucleons and hyperons. Over the past three decades, sign...