Serum Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-4 as Immunological Indicators of hwp1-Confirmed Candida albicans Respiratory Tract Infection: A Case-Control Study from Wasit Province, Iraq
Introduction: Candida albicans is a critical-priority fungal pathogen and an increasingly recognised cause of respiratory tract infection in hospitalised and immunocompromised patients. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) exert opposing influences on antifungal immunity, yet their combined beh...