Open access
Aug 2026
Sequence Labeling in Urdu Social Media Texts: Data Annotation and Transformer-Based Deep Learning Models
A transformer-based hybrid architecture is proposed, XLM-R–CNN–BiLSTM–CRF, which integrates XLM-R embeddings for contextualized representation, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for local feature extraction, bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks for sequential modeling, and a CRF layer for optimal s...
Rafiul Haq, Xiao-Wang Zhang, Sofonias Yitagesu et al.
· ACM Transactions on Asian an... · 0 citations