Reinforcement learning (RL) excels on tasks with verifiable rewards, but in open-ended tasks, the reliability of reward models remains a key challenge. Existing solutions either depend on costly proprietary LLM-as-a-Judge systems or opaque scalar reward models that lack interpretability. Recent works on generative reward models offer a promising alternative, but they remain constrained by static evaluation criteria, fragmented evaluation paradigms, and limited multilingual support. To address these challenges, we introduce \textbf{MixReward}, a large-scale multilingual dataset spanning six domains and 103 languages, containing both pairwise and listwise data, and propose \textbf{UniRRM}, a unified reasoning reward model supporting multiple languages and evaluation paradigms. UniRRM uses a staged reasoning chain to dynamically generate task-generic and instruction-specific criteria, enabling fine-grained, input-adaptive judgments while maintaining consistency across languages. Experiments demonstrate that UniRRM-8B and UniRRM-14B achieve performance close to the state-of-the-art for models of comparable size across multiple benchmarks, and are effective for unseen evaluation paradigms. In addition, ablation studies validate the reliability and effectiveness of UniRRM.
Peng Lai, Yi-Chao Du, Junchao Wu et al.· 1 citation
Multimodal language models achieve near-ceiling scores on food recognition benchmarks, yet it remains unclear whether this success reflects genuine cultural understanding or mere visual matching. To probe this distinction, we introduce CulturalMenuBench, a benchmark of 4,870 items in 10 languages across 18 regions; its 10 tasks pair final-dish and step-by-step cooking images with ingredients, procedural text, and regional labels, spanning basic recognition to process-grounded cultural attribution. Evaluating 12 models exposes a substantial knowledge-application gap: models exceeding 94% on standard multiple-choice tasks drop to at most 56% when attributing dishes to Chinese regional cuisines, despite an identical four-way format. Diagnostic analyses explain why: error patterns are consistent with random guessing, accuracy tracks visual distinctiveness rather than cultural structure, and models classify cuisines more accurately from dish names alone than from images (+7-18 points). The knowledge is thus present but cannot be activated through visual input. An ablation confirms these tasks genuinely require procedural evidence: removing sequential cooking images selectively degrades process-grounded tasks while others remain stable. Overall, CulturalMenuBench shows that near-perfect recognition can conceal an inability to apply cultural knowledge, motivating training that explicitly connects perception, procedure, and cultural context. Code and data are publicly available.
Bo Zeng, Lin-Feng Gao, Pei-Qing Lin et al.· 0 citations
This work proposes STAR-masked Preference Optimization (StarPO), a framework that ranks document-level hypotheses by structural quality and utilizes a dynamic alignment mask to focus optimization on misaligned segments and demonstrates that StarPO significantly enhances translation quality and structural integrity.
Yichen Dong, Hao Wang, Junhui Li et al.· 0 citations
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