Novel neonicotinoid flupyradifurone exhibits sublethal toxicity to natural enemies ladybeetles Propylea japonica by disturbing multi-level metabolic systems.
Flupyradifurone, a novel neonicotinoid insecticide widely used against sap-sucking pests, has poorly characterized sublethal effects on non-target natural enemies. We assessed sublethal effects of 0.5 and 3 mg/L flupyradifurone on Propylea japonica using biological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic assays....